Ketones & Aldehydes

Ketones

-A ketone is a hydrocarbon chain with a double bonded that is NOT on either end.
-Follow standard rules and add - one to the parent chain

Example

      O
      ll       propanone           \ /  \ /          4 methyl 2 propanone
     /   \                                  l   ll
                                                O

Aldehydes

- An aldehyde is a compound that has a double bonded oxygen a the END of a chain
- The simplest aldehyde is methanal (also called formaldehyde)
-Follow the standard rules and change the parent chain ending to -al
-BE careful when naming aldehydes and alcohols

Example

      H      H     H         O
       l        l       l        //                                        
H-  C  -  C  -  C  -  C      Butanal             
       I        I       I       \
      H      H     H       H

Jomar Delos Santos

Alicyclics and Aromatics

-Carbon chains can form two types of closed loops
-Alicyclics are loops usually made with single bonds
-If the parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply with one addition: 'cyclo' is added in front of the parent chain

Cyclopentane

-Numbering can start anywhere and go CW or CCW on the loop but side chain numbers must be the lowest possible

-Loops can also be a side chain

-Same rules apply but the side chain is given a cyclo-prefix

Aromatics

-Benzene (C6H6) is a cyclic hydrocarbon with unique bonds between the carbon atoms

-Structurally if can be drawn with alternating double bonds

-Careful analysis shows that all 6-C-C bonds are identical and really represent a 1.5 bond

-This is due to e- resonance

-e- are free to move all around the ring

Aromatic Nomenclature

-A Benzene molecule is given a special diagram to show it's unique bond structure

-Benzene can be a parent chain or a side chain

-As a side chain it is given the name phenyl

-T.H

Alkenes and Alkynes (Double and Triple Bonds)

- Carbon can form double and triple bonds with Carbon atoms
- When multiple bonds form fewer hydrogen are attached to the Carbon atom
- The naming rules are almost the same as the Alkanes
     - The position of the double/triple bonds always has the lowest number and its put in front of the parent chain.

Eg.  4 Butene
       1 Octene

- Double bonds (Alkenes) end in -ene
- Triple bonds (Alkynes) end in -yne

"Trans" and "Cis" Butene

- If two adjacent carbons are bonded by a double bond and have side chains on them two possible compounds are possible.


Eg.


H3C                                          CH3
         \                                     /
               C          =            C
             /                          \
         H                                H

Cis 2 Butene



H                           CH3
    \                         /
         C     =    C
       /                  \
  H3C                 H


Trans 2 Butene


Multiple Double Bonds

-More than one double bond can exist in a molecule
- Use the same multiplier inside the parent chain




               H              H
      H  -  C  =  C  -  C  =  C  -  H
                                         H

1,3 Butadiene




- Meldrick Mendoza


P.S. Dogane takes to long Mr. Doktor. =D

Organic Chemistry

Nomenclature:

-Organic Chemistry is the study of Carbon Compounds
-Carbon forms multiple bonds
-Carbon compounds can form chains, rings or branches
-There are less than 100,000 non-organic compounds
-Organic compounds number more than 17,000,000
-The simplest organic compounds are made of carbon and hydrogen

        H
         I
H  -  C  -  H             CH₄
         I
        H


-Saturated Compounds have no double and triple bonds
- Compounds with only single bonds are called Alkanes and always end in "ane"

Nomenclature


-There are 3 strategies of organic compounds
1. straight chains
2. cyclic chains
3. aromatics

Straight Chains

-Rulers for naming straight chain compounds

1. Circle the longest continuous chain and name this as the base chain
2. Number the base chain so side chains have the lowest possible numbers
3. Name each side chain using the "yl" ending
4. Give each side chain the appropriate number
-If there are more than one identical side chain numbers/ labels are slightly different
5. List side chains alphabetically


A more visual explanation:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ORrrHKr1OE

Intermolecular Bonds

Types of Bonds
-Intramolecular bonds exist within a molecular bond
     -Ionic, Covalent
-Intermolecular bonds exist between molecules
     -The stronger the intermolecular bonds the higher the BP or MP
     -The two types of intermolecular bonds are Van der Waals bonds and Hydrogen bonds

Vander Waals Bonds
-Based on electron distribution
-Two categories
Dipole-Dipole bonds
-If a molecule is polar the positive end of one molecule will be attracted to the negative end of another molecule

Hydrogen Bonds
-If hydrogen is bonded to certain elements (F, O, or N) the bond is highly polar
-This forms a very strong intermolecular bond

London Dispersion Forces
-LDF is present in all molecules
-Creates weakest bonds
-If a substance is non polar Dipole-Dipole forces don't exist
-Electrons are free to move around and will randomly be grouped on one side of the molecule
-This creates a temporary dipole and can cause a weak bond to form

     Kerr Pili

Polar and Non-Polar Solvents Lab

Purpose: Determine if Glycerin is polar or non-polar

Materials:
- Scupula
- Test tubes, rack, and stoppers
- Glycerin
- Paint thinner
- Iodine crystals
- Sodium Chloride
- Sucrose
- Safety goggles and apron

Observation: When a polar solution mixes with another polar solution and a non-polar solution mixes with another non-polar solution it dissolves. But when mixing a polar solution with a non-polar solution and a non-polar solution with a polar solution it did not dissolve.

-T.H

Polar Molecules

- Polar Molecules have an overall charge separation
- Unsymmetrical molecules are usually polar
- Molecular dipoles are the result of unequal sharing of electrons in a molecule

Predicting Polarity

- If a molecule is symmetrical the pull of e- is usually balanced

- Molecules can be un-symmetrical in two ways

          - Different atoms

          - Different numbers of atoms

-T.H